Definition and Examples of Body Language

Body language is a type of nonverbal communication that relies on body movements (such as gestures, posture, and facial expressions) to convey messages. Body language may be used consciously or unconsciously. It may accompany a verbal message or serve as a substitute for speech. Examples and Observations Pamela listened dumbly, her posture informing him that she wouldnt be offering any counter-arguments, that whatever he wanted was okay: making amends with body language.(Salman Rushdie, The Satanic Verses. Viking, 1988)The fun part is the process of, of getting to know a girl. Its like, its like flirting in code. Its using body language and laughing at the right jokes and, and looking into her eyes and knowing shes still whispering to you, even when shes not saying a word. And that sense that if you can just touch her, just once, everything will be okay for both of you. Thats how you can tell.(Iyari Limon as Potential Slayer Kennedy, The Killer in Me. Buffy the Vampire Slayer, 2003) Shakespeare on Body Language Speechless complainer, I will learn thy thought;In thy dumb action will I be as perfectAs begging hermits in their holy prayers:Thou shalt not sigh, nor hold thy stumps to heaven,Nor wink, nor nod, nor kneel, nor make a sign,But I of these will wrest an alphabetAnd by still practice learn to know thy meaning.(William Shakespeare, Titus Andronicus, Act III, Scene 2) Clusters of Nonverbal Cues [A] reason to pay close attention to body language is that it is often more believable than verbal communication. For example, you ask your mother, Whats wrong? She shrugs her shoulders, frowns, turns away from you, and mutters, Oh . . . nothing, I guess. Im just fine. You dont believe her words. You believe her dejected body language, and you press on to find out whats bothering her.The key to nonverbal communication is congruence. Nonverbal cues usually occur in congruent clusters--groups of gestures and movements that have roughly the same meaning and agree with the meaning of the words that accompany them. In the example above, your mothers shrug, frown, and turning away are congruent among themselves. They could all mean Im depressed or Im worried. However, the nonverbal cues are not congruent with her words. As an astute listener, you recognize this incongruency as a signal to ask again and dig deeper.(Matthew McKay, Martha Davis, and Patrick Fanning, Messages: The Communicatio n Skills Book, 3rd ed. New Harbinger, 2009) An Illusion of Insight Most people think liars give themselves away by averting their eyes or making nervous gestures, and many law-enforcement officers have been trained to look for specific tics, like gazing upward in a certain manner. But in scientific experiments, people do a lousy job of spotting liars. Law-enforcement officers and other presumed experts are not consistently better at it than ordinary people even though they’re more confident in their abilities.There’s an illusion of insight that comes from looking at a person’s body, says Nicholas Epley, a professor of behavioral science at the University of Chicago. Body language speaks to us, but only in whispers. . . .The common-sense notion that liars betray themselves through body language appears to be little more than a cultural fiction, says Maria Hartwig, a psychologist at John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York City. Researchers have found that the best clues to deceit are verbal--liars tend to be less forthcom ing and tell less compelling stories--but even these differences are usually too subtle to be discerned reliably.(John Tierney, At Airports, a Misplaced Faith in Body Language. The New York Times, March 23, 2014) Body Language in Literature For the purpose of literary analysis, the terms non-verbal communication and body language refer to the forms of non-verbal behaviour exhibited by characters within the fictional situation. This behaviour can be either conscious or unconscious on the part of the fictional character; the character can use it with an intention to convey a message, or it can be unintentional; it can take place within or outside of an interaction; it can be accompanied by speech or independent of speech. From the perspective of a fictional receiver, it can be decoded correctly, incorrectly, or not at all. (Barbara Korte, Body Language in Literature. University of Toronto Press, 1997) Robert Louis Stevenson on Groans and Tears, Looks and Gestures For life, though largely, is not entirely carried on by literature. We are subject to physical passions and contortions; the voice breaks and changes, and speaks by unconscious and winning inflections, we have legible countenances, like an open book; things that cannot be said look eloquently through the eyes; and the soul, not locked into the body as a dungeon, dwells ever on the threshold with appealing signals. Groans and tears, looks and gestures, a flush or a paleness, are often the most clear reporters of the heart, and speak more directly to the hearts of others. The message flies by these interpreters in the least space of time, and the misunderstanding is averted in the moment of its birth. To explain in words takes time and a just and patient hearing; and in the critical epochs of a close relation, patience and justice are not qualities on which we can rely. But the look or the gesture explains things in a breath; they tell their message without ambiguity; unlike speech, th ey cannot stumble, by the way, on a reproach or an illusion that should steel your friend against the truth; and then they have a higher authority, for they are the direct expression of the heart, not yet transmitted through the unfaithful and sophisticating brain.(Robert Louis Stevenson, Truth of Intercourse, 1879)

Solitary Confinement And Mental Illness - 1279 Words

Does Solitary Confinement Contribute to Mental Illness in Inmates? Introduction This section of the paper consists of three main parts. First, the research questions that will be addressed, the expected hypotheses and an identification of independent and dependent variables. Second, the supporting literature for the hypotheses is discussed. Third, a conceptualization (definition) and operationalization (measurement) of each independent and dependent variable. Research Questions †¢ Does solitary confinement result in negative psychological effects for inmates? †¢ Does solitary confinement affect those inmates who have been diagnosed as mentally ill prior to entering solitary confinement differently than those not diagnosed as mentally ill? †¢ Do the psychological effects of solitary confinement vary by length of confinement? Hypotheses †¢ Solitary confinement does result in negative psychological effects in inmates. †¢ Solitary confinement does affect those inmates who have been diagnosed as mentally ill prior to entering solitary confinement differently than those who have never been diagnosed as mentally ill. †¢ The psychological effects of solitary confinement vary by length of confinement. Variables For the first hypothesis, the independent variable is being placed in solitary confinement and the dependent variable is experiencing negative psychological effects. For the second hypothesis, there are two independent variables working together; having a prior mentalShow MoreRelatedThe Extreme Solitary Confinement Causes Mental Illness Among Prisoners519 Words   |  2 Pagessystem constructed in the early 1800s used extreme isolation to deter future crime inspired solitary confinement. In the twentieth century, inmates in solitary confinement would stay for short periods. According to Craig, people would stay in secure housing units for a couple of days or weeks (Weir, 54). Nowadays solitary confinement has become very popular. Inmates are being sent to solitary confinement for indefinite periods of time ranging from weeks to years. An Urban Institute survey of self-identifiedRead MoreSolitary Confinement Is The Process Of Isolating Individuals Incarcerated From The General P opulation892 Words   |  4 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Solitary Confinement is the process of isolating individuals incarcerated from the general population. Prisoners held in solitary confinement can be isolated from general populations for days, weeks, months or even years. In solitary confinement prisoners are confined to a small cell from anywhere between 22-24 hours a day. Solitary confinement prisoners are restricted from all human contact, activities including physical and educational and only allowed approximately an hour of freeRead MoreEthical Concerns Of Solitary Confinement1482 Words   |  6 PagesEthical Concerns of Solitary Confinement The Basis for a Flawed System: Solitary confinement is a more secure area within a prison. It is intended to be a place where inmates go when they violate prison rules or laws. This is only one of the three possible uses for confinement. Confinement is also used to house mentally ill patients as well as pretrial individuals. Solitary confinement is no longer necessary for society today due to the fact that the negative effects of being placed in solitudeRead MoreCriminalization Of The Mentally Ill1486 Words   |  6 Pagesprison system, it is important to know the history of mental illness in the prison system. In1841, Dorothea Dix began her Asylum Movement. She saw how deplorable the conditions were for mentally ill inmates in the prison system and insisted on change. The mental ill inmates were treated very poorly, being beaten, starved, and sexually abused. Dix brought her findings to the legislature of Massachusetts and funds were then set aside to expand the mental hospital in Worcester. This was then dupli cated acrossRead MoreThe Incarceration Of Solitary Confinement1722 Words   |  7 Pagesby inmates were because they were in solitary confinement (Breslow, 2014). Although some inmates have failed at their suicide attempts, that does not mean that they have not attempted to end their lives. There is a higher rate of inmates self mutilating while being in solitary confinement than if they were in the general prison population (Breslow, 2014). This means that inmates that are isolated are more of a danger to themselves. Being in solitary confinement also attributes to personality disordersRead MoreSolitary Confinement Is A Form Of Punishment918 Words   |  4 PagesSolitary confinement is a separate housing unit where housing is for the worst of the worst and any criminal who cannot be left in general population. Supermax prisons is a form of tool where the wardens and security guards can manage any disobedient prisoners. Many state wardens believe that solitary confinement does pro vide order and safety to the correctional staff and the inmates as well. This form of housing unit is needed because those who are not cooperative to any form of treatment and whoRead MoreAdministrative Segregation And Its Effect On The Workplace1297 Words   |  6 PagesOver the past several years there has been a dramatic increase in Administrative Segregation, which many inmates call Ad. Seg. Administrative Segregation is a distinctive area where violent inmates are sent. Solitary Confinement is another name for this area where inmates who violated rules, are seemed as a threat to others or themselves are housed. Each cell holds a single person in which the inmates reside 23 hours a day and are allowed out for one hour to exercise in a 6X10 cage. AdministrativeRead MoreIncarceration : Cruel And Unregulated Punishment Essay907 Words   |  4 Pagesviolations of their basic human rights. Abuses of power present themselves in a myriad of ways, including; the unregulated approach in which prison facilities enforce solitary confinement, the misuse of â€Å"compassionate release† policies and the judicial system’s wrongful imprisonment of individuals suffering from mental illness and, or mental disability. In most cases, prisoners will experience at least one, if not all, of these disparaging interactions during incarceration. Without federal regulationsRead MoreThe Destructive And Wrongful Use Of Solitary Confinement1675 Words   |  7 Pages30th, 2015 The Destructive and Wrongful Use of Solitary Confinement Very few prison systems and prison facilities use the term â€Å"solitary confinement:, instead referring to prison â€Å"segregation† or placement in â€Å"restrictive housing† (Solitary Watch, FAQ). Solitary confinement is the total isolation of inmates who are feared for being a â€Å"danger† to â€Å"society,† — the prison system itself - for 23 hours a day from days to even decades. Solitary confinement was established in the 1800’s, where it initiallyRead MoreSolitary Confinement Should Not Be Rigid And Tough On Crime1244 Words   |  5 PagesDefining Solitary Confinement The government has concluded that any research lab should not keep testing animals in the cages, so why government is treating human being in that way? The term solitary confinement becomes so popular as the politicians promised to be rigid and tough on crime. The politician makes different promises about keeping us safe and putting bad peoples behind the bars, but they donot think twice about potential effects on the convict’s health and family. Moving on, Solitary confinement

Charles Dickens Biography Essay Example For Students

Charles Dickens: Biography Essay This report will talk about the life of a famous author, Charles Dickens. It will tell you about his early, middle, and later years of his life. It will also talk about one of his great works of literature. In conclusion, this report will show a comparison of his work to his life. EARLY LIFE Charles Dickens was born at Landport, in Portsea, on February 7, 1812. His father was a clerk in the Navy Pay-Office, and was temporarily on duty in the neighborhood when Charles was born. His name was John Dickens. He spent time in prison for debts. But, even when he was free he lacked the money to support his amily. Then, when Charles was two they moved to London. 1 Just before he started to toddle, he stepped into the glare of footlights. He never stepped out of it until he died. He was a good man, as men go in the bewildering world of ours, brave, transparent, tender-hearted, and honorable. Dickens was always a little too irritable because he was a little too happy. Like the over-wrought child in society, he was splendidly sociable, and in and yet sometimes quarrelsome. We will write a custom essay on Charles Dickens: Biography specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In all the practical relations of his life he was what the child is at a party, genuinely delighted, delightful, affectionate and appy, and in some strange way fundamentally sad and dangerously close to tears. 2 At the age of 12 Charles worked in a London factory pasting labels on bottles of shoe polish. He held the job only for a few months, but the misery of the experience remain with him all his life. 3 Dickens attended school off and on until he was 15, and then left for good. He enjoyed reading and was especially fond of adventure stories, fairy tales, and novels. He was influenced by such earlier English writers as William Shakespeare, Tobias Smollet, and Henry Fielding. However, most of the knowledge he later used s an author came from his environment around him. 4 MIDDLE LIFE Dickens became a newspaper writer and reporter in the late 1820s. He specialized in covering debates in Parliament, and also wrote feature articles. His work as a reporter sharpened his naturally keen ear for conversation and helped develop his skill in portraying his characters speach realistically. It also increased his ability to observe and to write swiftly and clearly. Dickens first book, Sketches by Boz (1836) consisted of articles he wrote for the Monthly Magazine and the London Evening Chronicles. 5 On April 2, 1836 he married Catherine Hogarth. This was just a few days before the anoucement that on the 31st he would have his first work printed in The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club. And this was the beginning of his career. 6 Then, at 24, Dickens became famous and was so until he died. He won his first literary fame with The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club. Published in monthly parts in 1836 and 1837 the book describes the humorous adventure and misadventures of the English Countryside. After a slow start, The Pickwick Papers as the book was usually called gained a popularity seldom matched in the history of literature. 7 Then in 1837, Catherines sister Mary, died. Because of her death Dickens suffered a lot of grief. This led some scholars to believe that Dickens loved Mary more than Catherine. Catherine was a good woman but she lacked intelligence. Dickens and Catherine had 10 children. Then later in 1858, the couple seperated. 8 LATER LIFE His later years was basically consisting of two main additions to his previous activites. The first was a series of public readings and lectures which he began giving it systematically. And second, he was a successive editor. Dickens had been many things in his life; he was a reporter , an actor, a conjurer, a poet, a lecturer, nd a editor and he enjoyed all of those things. 9 Dickens had a remarkable mental and physical energy. He recorded all his activites in thousands of letter, many of which made delightful readings. .u947c22edbabcefea2e60f311aac463cb , .u947c22edbabcefea2e60f311aac463cb .postImageUrl , .u947c22edbabcefea2e60f311aac463cb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u947c22edbabcefea2e60f311aac463cb , .u947c22edbabcefea2e60f311aac463cb:hover , .u947c22edbabcefea2e60f311aac463cb:visited , .u947c22edbabcefea2e60f311aac463cb:active { border:0!important; } .u947c22edbabcefea2e60f311aac463cb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u947c22edbabcefea2e60f311aac463cb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u947c22edbabcefea2e60f311aac463cb:active , .u947c22edbabcefea2e60f311aac463cb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u947c22edbabcefea2e60f311aac463cb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u947c22edbabcefea2e60f311aac463cb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u947c22edbabcefea2e60f311aac463cb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u947c22edbabcefea2e60f311aac463cb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u947c22edbabcefea2e60f311aac463cb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u947c22edbabcefea2e60f311aac463cb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u947c22edbabcefea2e60f311aac463cb .u947c22edbabcefea2e60f311aac463cb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u947c22edbabcefea2e60f311aac463cb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Law in political science EssayHe spent much of his later life with crowded social friends from arts and literature. He also went to the theater as often as he could, cause he loved drama. Dickens also produced and acted in small theaters to give public readings of his work. 10 Besides doing all this after his retirement he got involved in various charities . These charities included schools for poor children and a loan society to nable the poor to prove to Australia. Then about 1865 his health started to decline and he died of a stroke on June 9, 1870. 2 Dickens Work The Great Expectations This story talks about a guy who is in love with a girl. It is the theme of a youths discovery of the realities of life. An unknown person provides the young hero, Pip, with money so that he can live as a gentleman. Pips pride is shattered when he learns that he loses Estella forever, the source of his great expectation. Only by painfully revising his values does Pip reestablish his life on a foundation of sympathy, rather than on vanity, possesions, and social osition. Conclusion His work of Great Expectation is very related with his life. It deals with the same problems he faced when he lost Catherine and how his life was before he became rich and famous. He also created scenes and descriptions of places that have longed delighted readers. Dickens was a keen observer of life and had a great understanding of humanity, especially of young people. The warmth and humor of his personality appeared in all of his works. Perhaps in no other large body of fiction does the reader receive so strong and agreeable impression of the person behind the story.